What to do when you inherit money

By Kiplinger's Personal Finance Magazine

When Jim Grabski's three teenage children come home from school, Jim is there to greet them, the result of an inheritance that allowed him to quit his high-powered job in technology sales.

"Financially, the last years I worked were the best I'd ever had," says Jim, 50. "But it wasn't fun anymore."

Now he's able to share parental chauffeuring duties with his wife, Luanne, 49, and work three days a week at a golf course near their home in Reston, Va., largely in return for golfing privileges. He also bowls and pays frequent visits to the gym. "I love my life," he says.

Jim is fortunate. Inheritances are rarely generous enough to finance an early retirement. About 20% of baby boomer households have received an inheritance, according to AARP, and the median value is $64,000. Handled properly, though, the money can boost your retirement savings, give you financial security, finance a career change or college for the kids, or just let you have a little fun.

Your first move should be to deposit your new wealth in a bank or brokerage account -- possibly one that isn't held jointly with your spouse, advises Martin Shenkman, a tax and estate lawyer in Teaneck, N.J.

"Once you commingle inherited money with your spouse's assets, there's a risk that you could lose the protection that inherited assets may otherwise have in a divorce," he says. With the money tucked safely away, there's no need to make hasty decisions about what to do with it. Grabski remained at his job for two years after his father died in 2002, and during that time he and Luanne changed their minds about what to do with their windfall.

"At first we thought we'd want to buy a beach house or a bigger home," says Jim. "But as time passed, I became passionate about leaving the work force."

The Grabskis also paid off their mortgage. But your mortgage may be the one debt you want to keep, if you've locked into a relatively low interest rate and aren't planning to retire right away. Paying off a 5.5% mortgage, for example, is the equivalent of earning 5.5% on your money. On average, you should be able to earn 7% or 8% annually on a good mix of stocks and bonds, a more profitable use of your funds. Paying off your loan also means losing the tax deduction for mortgage interest.

Taxes

Some inheritances, such as life insurance proceeds, are tax free. But, depending on its size, an estate may be subject to federal or state estate taxes. In 2007, estates worth up to $2 million are exempt from federal estate taxes. But more than a dozen states levy their own estate tax, often on smaller estates, and a few states require heirs to pay an inheritance tax.

Record the value of everything you inherit as of the date of your benefactor's death. That date usually determines your new cost basis for tax purposes; you'll be taxed on any appreciation from then until the date you sell the asset.

Inheriting a retirement account, such as a 401(k) or a traditional individual retirement account, is tricky business that requires professional advice. The rules vary depending on whether you're a spouse, a named beneficiary of the account or an heir named in the will.

You can usually inherit a Roth IRA without tax consequences, but that's not true of a regular IRA. If you simply withdraw the money from an IRA or 401(k), you'll owe taxes on the entire amount. Only if the benefactor is a spouse can you roll over an inherited IRA into your own IRA.

The best strategy would be to retitle the inherited IRA as a "beneficiary IRA" in your name and that of the deceased. That way, the money will continue to accrue tax-deferred earnings. In the year after the original owner's death, you will be required to begin taking annual withdrawals based on your life expectancy. Rules approved by Congress in 2006 allow you to convert an inherited 401(k) to a beneficiary IRA and handle it the same way. Previously, only spouses could transfer a 401(k) to their own IRA.

Investing

Don't let sentiment influence the way you handle an inheritance. A portfolio of bonds makes no sense if you're depending on asset growth to finance three decades of retirement, for example. Or perhaps your benefactor hung on to a large stock position to avoid a big tax bill. With the tax slate wiped clean, this could be the time to sell and start fresh.

If you plan to work for another decade or longer, you can afford to take more risk, putting 80% or more of your inheritance into a diversified mix of stocks or stock funds. But if you plan to retire in less than 10 years, keep one-third of the money in bonds. And if you're ready to retire and need to tap your investments for living expenses, take a page from the Grabskis and up your bond allocation to 40%, with the remainder in stocks.

If your time horizon is shorter -- say, if you're funding college for your teenage children -- you should be more conservative, stashing at least half of your money in high-quality short- or intermediate-term bonds or bond funds. Through a state plan, the Grabskis prepaid tuition for all of their children at any public college in Virginia.

This article was reported and written by Steven Goldberg for Kiplinger's Personal Finance Magazine.

Published June 8, 2007