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The reason for this rapid expansion is that credit card companies see small business as a fertile growth market.
Visa estimates that total small-business spending in the U.S. hit $4.7 trillion in 2007, but the volume charged on small-business payment cards (including debit) is just $283 billion, according to Mercator's estimates.
"As the bank card networks are fond of pointing out, there is plenty of room for growth just in displacing check volume," Paterson wrote in his report.
And more than other small-business lending, the business credit card market belongs to big banks. In 2005 the top 10 U.S. banks controlled 83% of the small-business credit card market, according to a report by research firm TowerGroup, owned by MasterCard.
The same banks had just 32% of the Small Business Administration loan market and 14% of other small-business lending.
The shift has become more pronounced over the past year as banks battered by risky mortgage loans tighten lending standards.
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Chris Mauzy applied for a bank loan last fall to start Zip Express Installation, a home electronics installation service. But the bank turned down the Minneapolis entrepreneur because he had no capital equipment to secure the loan, even though the loan officer was impressed by his business plan and his experience as director of business development for Best Buy.
"They were looking to fund a farm or a machine shop or something that is more traditional," Mauzy says.
So he got two American Express business cards with no preset spending limit and began charging up to $30,000 to advertise and build a Web site. He paid the full balance each month as sales rolled in, and by the end of the year he had convinced an angel investor to fund him.
In July, Zip Express closed a deal to provide installations nationwide for Target, and Mauzy expects to do $5.5 million worth of business in his first year. In retrospect, he says he's glad the bank turned him down, because doesn't have to pay the interest on a big loan.
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Fed floats credit card reformThe proposal, unveiled in May, would restrict rate increases on outstanding balances and revamp other lending practices. But banks and other card issuers vehemently oppose the plan.
Rising interest rates trip up many
While Mauzy's is a success story, business owners who depend on credit cards for longer periods can get caught in the cards' slippery terms."Credit card contracts are not (traditional loan) contracts," says Landis, because unlike bank loans or lines of credit that are governed by loan agreements, credit card issuers reserve the right to change the terms at any time.
According to the NSBA's survey, a third of businesses using credit cards carried monthly balances of more than $10,000. Landis says unpredictable interest rates on large balances make it impossible for business owners to finance growth with credit cards.
She saw rates on one of her cards go from 4% to 28% and another card reduced her credit line, even though she didn't miss minimum payments or exceed her limit. "It's like trying to build a house with blocks that keep changing shape," says Landis.
Those carrying revolving balances also pay more to borrow. David Walker, a Georgetown professor researching the cost of credit for small businesses, found that smaller firms typically pay two or three times the prime rate, largely because they depend so heavily on credit cards. "They're shut out of all the markets that are lower cost," he says.
That makes sense to a certain extent. Small businesses are risky, and lending through credit cards allows banks to cover their risk by adjusting interest rates as the borrowers' credit profile changes.
"This is the riskiest form of loan a bank can make. They have to charge money to get a return on that risk," says Ken Clayton, senior vice-president for card policy at the American Bankers Association, the industry trade group. "If this were a traditional loan that had collateral that backs it, it would be a lot easier to lock in rates."
Regulations proposed by the Fed would rein in some of the most aggressive credit card practices, including changing rates on existing balances and applying payments in ways that maximize interest charges. But the changes would apply only to personal credit cards, not the growing number of small-business cards, even though they often function the same way.
James Hills says he is still shocked when he looks at his books to see how much credit card debt has cost his business.
"Even though we pay quite a bit, they keep raising the interest rates, which makes it even harder to pay off," he says. "Virtually tripling the interest rate from the starting rate to now, that's just amazing that they're able to do that."
This article was reported and written by John Tozzi for BusinessWeek.
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